A Brief Journalism Lesson
In place since 1972’s Branzburg v. Hayes Supreme Court case, shield laws are in place to keep journalists from being legally obligated to expose their sources in court. This is from the court’s finding in the case:
The First Amendment does not relieve a newspaper reporter of the obligation that all citizens have to respond to a grand jury subpoena and answer questions relevant to a criminal investigation, and therefore the Amendment does not afford him a constitutional testimonial privilege for an agreement he makes to conceal facts relevant to a grand jury’s investigation of a crime or to conceal the criminal conduct of his source or evidence thereof
Note that there is no federal shield law — even though Congress attempted to put one in place as recently as 2008 — because the Supreme Court doesn’t believe the First Amendment guarantee a news reporter’s privilege.
Is Stolen Property Covered by Shield Laws?
Avram Piltch of Laptop Magazine:
The Electronic Frontier Foundation, the Internet’s leading digital rights advocacy group, has also taken a public position on the search, telling us that California’s search warrant is illegal and should never have been issued. In a phone interview this afternoon, EFF Civil Liberties Director Jennifer Granick told us: “There are both federal and state laws here in California that protect reporters and journalists from search and seizure for their news gathering activities. The federal law is the Privacy Protection Act and the state law is a provision of the penal code and evidence code. It appears that both of those laws may be being violated by this search and seizure.”
Granick said that, even if Jason Chen is under investigation for receipt of stolen property, the government has no right to issue a search warrant, because California law includes exceptions for journalists who are in receipt of information from sources.
Section 1070 of the Evidence Code in California states:
A publisher, editor, reporter, or other person connected with or employed upon a newspaper, magazine, or other periodical publication, or by a press association or wire service, or any person who has been so connected or employed, cannot be adjudged in contempt by a judicial, legislative, administrative body, or any other body having the power to issue subpoenas, for refusing to disclose, in any proceeding as defined in Section 901, the source of any information procured while so connected or employed for publication in a newspaper, magazine or other periodical publication, or for refusing to disclose any unpublished information obtained or prepared in gathering, receiving or processing of information for communication to the public.
The biggest debate here is if a prototype device that is clearly the property of a corporation is considered information — as Granick says — or property.
The search of Jason Chen’s home may be more about the source of the device, not the device itself — and my bet is that the police will charge that individual with theft and Gizmodo with purchasing stolen property. As such, the information about who the phone was purchased from may not be protected by shield laws.
If Gizmodo had paid $5,000 for photos and documentation of the device, I believe that the shield laws would protect them. But they didn’t buy photos and documentation. They bought a physical device.
Are Bloggers Journalists?
This is perhaps the biggest question facing the journalism community today. Ask any group of journalism professors and you will get a wide variety of answers.
While some people are hoping this whole Gizmodo thing answers this question. I’m not sure it will. This is more about what Gizmodo paid for. The only way the blogger/journalist debate will be answered through this is if California decides that what Jason Chen had in his possession was information. I don’t think they will see it that way.
My personal thought is that there is no correct blanket statement that is correct. Some bloggers are journalists. Others are not. From what Gizmodo has done over the last week, I’d put them in the 2nd camp. It will be interesting to see what the courts say when this inevitably ends up there.